Chemistry Name Reaction-Reagent - Retro-synthesis /Patents/PhD Admission/Jobs

Arndt–Eistert synthesis  is a series of chemical reactions designed to convert a carboxylic acid to a higher carboxylic acid homologue (i.e. contains one additional carbon atom) and is considered a homologation process.Named for the German chemists Fritz Arndt (1885–1969) and Bernd Eistert (1902–1978), Arndt–Eistert synthesis is a popular method of producing β-amino acids from α-amino acids. Acid chlorides react with diazomethane to give  diazoketones . In the presence of a nucleophile (water) and a metal catalyst (Ag 2 O), diazoketones will form the desired acid homologue. While the classic Arndt–Eistert synthesis uses thionyl chloride to convert the starting acid to an acid chloride, any procedure can be used that will generate an acid chloride. Diazoketones are typically generated as described here, but other methods such as diazo-group transfe...

The  Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction  (also called the  Arbuzov reaction ) is the  chemical reaction  of a trialkyl  phosphite  and an  alkyl halide  to form a  phosphonate . The reaction was discovered by  August Michaelis  in 1898, and greatly explored by  Aleksandr Arbuzov  soon thereafter. This reaction is widely used for the synthesis of various phosphonates,  phosphinates , and  phosphine oxides . Several reviews have been published.The reaction also occurs for coordinated phosphite ligands, as illustrated by the demethylation of {(C 5 H 5 )Co[(CH 3 O) 3 P] 3 } 2+  to give {(C 5 H 5 )Co[(CH 3 O) 2 PO] 3 } − , which is called the  Klaui ligand . Reaction mechanism The Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction is initiated with the  S N 2 reaction  of the  nucleophilic  phosphite ( 1 ) with the  electrophilic  alkyl halide ( 2 ) to give a p...

The  aldol reaction  is a means of forming  carbon–carbon bonds  in  organic chemistry .T he reaction combines two  carbonyl  compounds (the original experiments used  aldehydes ) to form a new β-hydroxy carbonyl compound. These products are known as  aldols , from the  ald ehyde + alcoh ol , a structural motif seen in many of the products. Aldol structural units are found in many important molecules, whether naturally occurring or synthetic. For example, the aldol reaction has been used in the large-scale production of the commodity chemical  pentaerythritol  and the synthesis of the heart disease drug Lipitor ( atorvastatin , calcium salt). The aldol reaction unites two relatively simple  molecules  into a more complex one. Increased complexity arises because up to two new  stereogenic centers  (on the  α- and β-carbon  of the aldol adduct, marked with asterisks in the scheme below) are for...